briarrose

I'm not sure what your all fired up about Unicorn but if you look at the date of this original topic it was started 2 years ago. 2 years ago when I started this thread it was because I needed answers. The Question for me was, is this really a new illness or how far back can I dig to find answers? HOW LONG HAS DYSAUTONOMIA REALLY BEEN AROUND, NO MATTER WHO HAD IT OR WHAT IT WAS CALLED!!! The answer that I found was that it would seem that our symptoms have been around and documented for over a century! It just so happens that it was the military that had documented them. In fact if you go back and read my posts from 2 years ago you would see that! As far as DeCosta, I've read some very controversial information regarding his diagnosis and I don't agree with what he was thinking at the time. In fact I believe if you research DeCosta syndrome it would seem to lean more towards psych then medical. In my opinion, I think things were over looked and the doctor's either didn't realize that they were dealing with the ANS or can't begin to comprehend the extent of it! I wasn't trying to differentiate between Military and the Civillian population. So if you feel the need for a tangent for some reason I hope you identify the real problem first! Steph

It's interesting to hear how many more are from the Ohio area. I wonder if Michelle would be willing to update her original statistics.

I've read hundreds of articles. I have pursued some of the GWS stuff but don't feel like I can post much of it here and it doesn't apply to me as I'm not military, I was just hoping to show how far back the symptoms went. Much of it is speculation and following documentation which the medical community still hasn't put the (2 + 2) together. I'm glad that you guys are finding some of my older posts more interesting, especially since I'm not on much anymore. thx and keep up the good reading! Steph

I have horrible GERD and use to wake up with a sore throat every morning. I would constantly lose my voice or it would be scratchy. I took pepcid for a few years with relief of symptoms but then it got bad again. Last summer they switched me to Protonix and not only is my GERD, throat and voice usually better but I'm able to eat foods again that would give me heartburn. You should still discuss these problems with a doctor, medical advice is best.

I would probably ask this question of a pharmacist, they're probably the best qualified to answer.

Sorry I've never tried this med but here is some info for you http://www.lyrica.com/ http://www.pfizer.com/pfizer/download/ppi_lyrica.pdf

I have spent the past few years trying to find any links or answers to my questions so this has just been one of the things that I came across. What I find interesting is that if you look at some of the earlier soldiers heart symptoms they are exactly the same as POTS. So to better answer your question it would seem that this illness has been around probably more than a century but no one made the connections. For women around the turn of the early 1900's I believe it was called Neurasthenia. Do you think that this illness just mysteriously puffed out of no where just recently? I think it's been so multi-symptom that it hasn't appeared clear to doctor's or it's easier to call us nut cases rather than realize it's a much larger problem and hey there is the autonomic system which they really don't understand. So I hope that I didn't miss understand your question and gave you at least a somewhat satisfactory answer.

I've been told that POTS & CFS overlap. It is possible that nearly 1/3 of CFS patients may actually have some Dysautonomia like POTS which might help them find some treatment. If you read through peoples symptoms you will probably see that many of the Dysautonomia patients suffer from fatigue.

I'm bumping this for dr1713

I don't think it's hormonal. Personally, I think that that men are under diagnosed, just like women of course but more so. The experts say that there are over a million people with POTS but if that's the case why do I only know of about 6 or so in my area? I know that the West coast population is even less diagnosed because doctor's don't usually recognize the symptoms. OK I'm getting side tracked but my point is that I think there is a greater population of males than is known about. Do you know that this syndrome was first recognized in men and not women. Some of my early posts will show you the documentation. AKA Soldier's Heart irritable heart effort syndrome neurasthenia idiopathic hypovolemia hyperadrenergic orthostatic hypotension vasoregulatory asthenia Timeline on Military with similar illness or called War Syndromes (very interesting) http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/medical/med_syndrome.htm http://www.worldhistory.com/wiki/N/Neurasthenia.htm Neurasthenia disorder info sheet http://www.psychnet-uk.com/dsm_iv/neurasthenia.htm AKA put out by CS group - kind of interesting http://www.cssa-inc.org/Articles/CFS_names.htm

I take 10,000 units a week. I sometimes experience flu like symptoms the first 24 hours or so. The first few times I had the injection my whole arm was hot and achey. Sometimes I have to go home and sleep for a few hours after my injection. The benefits that I've experienced since being on Procrit far out way the side effects. Hope it works out for you. steph

Thank you everyone for your support, I appreciate all of your nice comments I hate to be heavy-handed but I was terrified about losing my health completely again. I don't think I have the fight in me anymore to make a come back like a did before so I'm just glad it has worked out, hopefully for good. I've started getting my injections again, what a big difference. Julia I hope you start to feel better again soon. I haven't had that much testing done but it was obvious looking at me and watch my vitals swing 3 years ago how bad I was then. I feel like a different person today thx to all of my medications and a few of my doctor's, especially wonderful Dr. Grubb for hanging in there with me! thx Steph

bump

thank you!

Has anyone seen the recent info that was posted about research out of Australia? thx & sorry to ask just out of time to search for it today and wanted to take it to work with me. Steph

I'm going to have to look into this one more, please remind me if I get side track and forget, nothing personal though Just dang cognative problems lately. Perioperative Considerations in a Patient with Orthostatic Intolerance Syndrome http://www.cfids-cab.org/cfs-inform/Coitre...rab.etal00.html This one not too helpful http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/cgi/content/full/98/1/40 This was just an interesting article http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuppie_Flu

Procrit/Epogen has changed my life for the better. There hasn't been much research done on it so there aren't really any articles that will benefit you here. But think of this, many of the pills that they shove at us haven't been documented in research either, they are just easy fixes to the symptoms. Epogen will increase your red blood cells helping with anemia. It also helps with severe fatigue.

I'm not too excited about taking Florinef, I do it because the doctor's tell me to. Florinef is suppose to help retain salt and keep your blood pressure up. Epogen is totally different and it is used to increase your red blood cells. I'm all for Epogen injections as it has changed my life for the better. http://health.yahoo.com/drug/d00608a1 Good luck and if you have any questions please PM me as I haven't had time to cruise the boards over the last couple of months.

Not sure why you have a sore throat is it illness, exhaustion or stomach related? I use to have constant sore throats until they put me on Pepcid for my GERD, oh what a relief. Now I have stepped up to Protonix, so much better. I also get sore throats when I'm extemely exhausted, had one yesterday. Sleep works for those kind take care

UPDATE - After 4 of my doctor's wrote letters to the health plan, my primary called and talked to the director over there for 20 minutes and they still denied my claim for getting Epogen injections. I went to the administrator of my hospital and complained. I also told my employer that I was going to go to the media over this. The next day I got a call from my doctor's office and they said that there had been some horrible mistake and I could get my injections again. Thx for your support and suggestions guys.

It looks like plenty of people responded to this all though I didn't take time to read them all. You should recommend to your psychologist that she go back to medical school because she doesn't know what's she is talking about. Fatigue is a huge problem with POTS. It is estimated that at least 1/3 of the CFS patients in this country actually have POTS not just a simple diagnosis of CF. Our symptoms, topped by usually chronic anemia and/or hypovolemia causes such incredible fatigue. A few years ago before I started taking Epogen injections I was so fatigued I could barely crawl to the bathroom. The constant tachycardia was also extremely exhausting. Then the medications that you put you on, some of them have fatiguing effects. Anyway there is plenty of documentation that has been done about the fatigue of this illness so I hope you educated her and then fire her and find someone that knows how to be open minded, listen and learn!

I've decided to post this message based on all of the questions recently about beta blockers and some people that have listed symptoms that could be related to beta blockers. As a patient I definitely have my own opinions based from experiences. I've tried Propranolol and Toprol both with very nasty side effects, drop in heart rate down in the 40's, I would sleep up to 20 hours a day, SOB, etc. I took Atenolol for about a years time and I thought it was the cat's meow but after a year I started waking up very short of breath and it would take awhile for my chest to clear. I was also having difficulty laying on my right side. They finally switched my beta blocker again and oh what a relief it was. So something to keep in mind is that sometimes you need to have your medications re-evaluated by your doc. You can become intolerant to them. As I list out the drugs, if you go to the website for your specific medication, please go further into the packaging information and look at the study side effects that are sometimes not listed under common side effects. Toprol XL aka metoprolol succinate https://www.toprol-xl.com/about_toprol/effects_toprol.aspx packaging PDF - http://www.astrazeneca-us.com/pi/toprol-xl.pdf Most Common Side Effects In a large clinical study in patients with heart failure, serious side effects and side effects leading to discontinuation of TOPROL-XL included dizziness/vertigo, slow heart rate, and accident and/or injury. These side effects occurred in 1% to 2% of the patients in the study taking TOPROL-XL and in 1% or less of the patients taking the placebo tablet. If you experience any of these or other side effects, contact your doctor or other health care provider. In patients with high blood pressure and angina pectoris, the most commonly reported side effects with immediate-release metoprolol tartrate are tiredness (10%), dizziness (10%), depression (5%), diarrhea (5%), itching or rash (5%), shortness of breath (3%), and slow heart rate (3%). If you experience any of these or other side effects, contact your doctor or other health care provider. Propranolol - aka Inderal Foreign Brand Names Apo-Propranolol? (Canada); Detensol? (Canada); Inderalici (Mexico); Nu-Propranolol (Canada); PMS-Propranolol (Mexico) http://www.medicinenet.com/propranolol/article.htm Please see drug interactions at this website SIDE EFFECTS: Propranolol is generally well tolerated, and side effects are mild and transient. Rare side effects include abdominal cramps, diarrhea, constipation, fatigue, insomnia, nausea, depression, dreaming, memory loss, fever, impotence, lightheadedness, slow heart rate, low blood pressure, numbness, tingling, cold extremities, sore throat, and shortness of breath or wheezing. Atenolol aka Tenormin http://www.medicinenet.com/atenolol/article.htm SIDE EFFECTS: Atenolol is generally well tolerated, and side effects are mild and transient. Rare side effects include abdominal cramps, diarrhea, constipation, fatigue, insomnia, nausea, depression, dreaming, memory loss, fever, impotence, lightheadedness, slow heart rate, low blood pressure, numbness, tingling, cold extremities, sore throat, and shortness of breath or wheezing. Tenoretic aka Atenolol PDF - http://www.astrazeneca-us.com/pi/tenoretic_lpv.pdf Betaxolol aka Kerlone http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/betaxolol_ad.htm SIDE EFFECTS Most adverse reactions have been mild and transient and are typical of beta-adrenergic blocking agents, e.g., bradycardia, fatigue, dyspnea, and lethargy. Withdrawal of therapy in U.S. and European controlled clinical trials has been necessary in about 3.5% of patients, principally because of bradycardia, fatigue, dizziness, headache, and impotence. Frequency estimates of adverse events were derived from controlled studies in which adverse reactions were volunteered and elicited in U.S. studies and volunteered and/or elicited in European studies. In the U.S., the placebo-controlled hypertension studies lasted for 4 weeks, while the active-controlled hypertension studies had a 22-to 24-week double-blind phase. The following doses were studied: betaxolol?5, 10, 20 and 40 mg once daily; atenolol?25, 50 and 100 mg once daily; and propranolol?40, 80, and 160 mg b.i.d. Kerlone, like other beta-blockers, has been associated with the development of antinuclear antibodies (ANA). In controlled clinical studies, conversion of ANA from negative to positive occurred in 5.3% of the patients treated with betaxolol, 6.3% of the patients treated with atenolol, 4.9% of the patients treated with propranolol, and 3.2% of the patients treated with placebo.

To Print: Click your browser's PRINT button. NOTE: To view the article with Web enhancements, go to: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/522421 ________________________________________ The Postural Tachycardia Syndrome A Concise Guide to Diagnosis and Management Blair P. Grubb, M.D.; Yousuf Kanjwal, M.D.; Daniel J. Kosinski, M.D. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17(1):108-112. ?2006 Blackwell Publishing Posted 02/07/2006 Introduction During the last 20 years, there has been a tremendous growth in our knowledge of disorders that affect the autonomic nervous system. While at first these investigations centered on neurocardiogenic syncope, a subgroup of patients was identified who suffered from a similar, yet distinct, disorder manifested by postural tachycardia and exercise intolerance. This disorder is now referred to as the postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and encompasses a heterogenous group of disorders that share similar clinical characteristics.[1] The aim of this brief report is to outline the clinical picture, subtypes, diagnosis, and management of POTS. Definitions The hallmark of these disorders is orthostatic intolerance, defined as the provocation of symptoms on standing, which are relieved when becoming supine. Patients often relate complaints of palpitations, exercise intolerance, fatigue, lightheadedness, tremor, headache, nausea, near syncope, and syncope.[2] Patients may be severely limited as activities such as housework, bathing, and even meals may exacerbate symptoms. Recent studies have shown that many patients with POTS may suffer the same degree of functional impairment as patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or congestive heart failure, yet these patients are often misdiagnosed as having chronic anxiety or panic disorder.[3] A grading system for the severity of orthostatic intolerance (similar to that for heart failure) has been developed ( Table 1 ). At present POTS is defined as the presence of orthostatic intolerance symptoms associated with a heart rate increase of 30 beats/minute (or a rate that exceeds 120 beats/minute) within the first 10 minutes of standing or upright tilt, which is seen in the absence of other chronic debilitating disorders, prolonged bed rest, or medications that impair vascular or autonomic tone.[3] It should be noted that many patients with orthostatic intolerance will not have orthostatic hypotension (a fall of >20/10 mmHg); rather there may be only a small drop in blood pressure, and no change or even a small increase in blood pressure upon assuming an upright posture. It has been pointed out that this focus on heart rate may overlook other autonomic symptoms such as disturbances in bowel function, sweating, and thermoregulatory function. Classification As was alluded to before, POTS is a group of different disorders associated with similar clinical manifestations. POTS is classified as being either primary or secondary. The primary forms are idiopathic and not associated with other diseases. The secondary forms occur in association with a known disease or disorder. Proper recognition of subtypes is essential in management[4] (Fig. 1). Figure 1. Subtypes of postural tachycardia syndrome. POTS = postural tachycardia syndrome; JHS = joint hypermobility syndrome. The most common primary form of POTS is called the "partial dysautonomic" (PD) form.[1-3] These patients seem to suffer from a mild type of peripheral autonomic neuropathy characterized by an inability of the peripheral vasculature to constrict in the face of orthostatic stress. This causes a much greater than normal degree of blood pooling in the dependent areas of the body when upright, which in turn causes a compensatory increase in heart rate and contractility that attempt to maintain cerebral perfusion at constant levels. While this increase in heart rate and contractility may initially be fully compensatory, the degree of peripheral venous pooling may continue to increase over time and exceed this compensatory effect. These individuals then become increasingly dependent on their skeletal muscle pump to maintain adequate blood pressure until increased venous pooling exceeds its compensatory effects as well. There is a 5:1 female-to-male ratio. Many patients will report the abrupt onset of symptoms after a febrile illness (presumed viral), as well as after pregnancy, immunizations, sepsis, surgery, or trauma. It is currently felt that this form of POTS has an immune-mediated pathogenesis. Studies have demonstrated serum autoantibodies to alpha3 acetylcholine receptors of the peripheral autonomic ganglia in patients with postviral autonomic neuropathy. A second type of partial dysautonomic POTS (which we term "developmental") seems to afflict adolescents.[5] Onset is usually around 14 years, often following a period of very rapid growth. Symptoms progressively worsen and frequently reach their peak around age 16. Symptoms of orthostatic intolerance (and often severe headaches) may be of such intensity that the patient may be functionally disabled. Symptoms will then slowly start to fade over the ensuing years such that by young adulthood (19?24 years old) roughly 80% are asymptomatic. The etiology is unclear but appears to reflect a transient period of autonomic imbalance that occurs in rapidly growing adolescents. The second (and less common) form of primary POTS is referred to as the "hyperadrenergic" form. These patients tend to report a gradual and progressive onset of symptoms as opposed to an abrupt onset. Hyperadrenergic POTS patients report significant tremor, anxiety, and cold sweaty extremities when upright. Many will report a significant increase in urinary output after being upright for even a short period of time, and over half suffer from true migraine headaches. The hallmark of this form of POTS is that in addition to orthostatic tachycardia they will often display orthostatic hypertension, as well as exaggerated response to isoproterenol infusions. As opposed to the PD POTS patients, the hyperadrenergic patients have significantly elevated serum catecholamine levels with serum norepinephrine levels >600 ng/mL. There is often a family history of this disorder. Currently, hyperadrenergic POTS is felt to be a genetic disorder, in which a single point mutation produces a dysfunction of the re uptake transporter protein that clears norepinephrine from the intrasynaptic cleft. This in turn leads to excessive degree of norepinephrine serum spillover in response to a variety of sympathetic stimuli thereby producing a "hyperadrenergic" state that appears similar to a pheochromocytoma. The term secondary POTS is used to describe various conditions that produce peripheral autonomic deinnervation but with sparing of cardiac innervation. The most common form of secondary POTS is chronic diabetes mellitus; however, it also occurs in conjunction with amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, alcoholism, Lupus, Sjogren's Syndrome, heavy metal intoxication, and following chemotherapy (especially from the vinca alkaloids). A recently recognized and important cause of secondary POTS is due to the connective tissue disorder known as the joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS). An inherited condition, it is characterized by joint hypermobility, connective tissue fragility, and soft "velvety" skin with variable amounts of hyperextensibility. The condition is also associated with easy bruising, premature varicose veins, diffuse muscle and joint pain, and orthostatic acrocyanosis. Orthostatic intolerance develops in these patients due to the presence of abnormally elastic connective tissue in the vasculature, which results in an increase in vessel distensibility in response to the augmented hydrostatic pressure that occurs during orthostatic stress. This leads to excessive peripheral venous pooling with a resultant compensatory tachycardia. Recent studies have suggested that up to 70% of patients with hypermobility syndrome may suffer from some form of orthostatic intolerance. Adolescents with the developmental form of POTS frequently have been noted to have features of JHS. Studies are currently under way to better elucidate this potential relationship. POTS may also be the presenting form of more severe autonomic nervous system disorders such as pure autonomic failure or multiple system atrophy. POTS may also present as a paraneoplastic syndrome seen in association with adenocarcinomas of the lung, breast, ovary, and pancreas. Current investigations have shown that these tumors produce autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors in the autonomic ganglia similar to those seen in the postviral syndromes. Evaluation and Management The most critical aspect of evaluation is the history. Elicit information about the onset of symptoms. Were they sudden or gradual? Were there any events associated with onset? What makes symptoms worse or better? Are other family members affected? Does the patient have gastrointestinal, sudomotor, or thermoregulatory problems? Are migraines also a problem? A careful physical exam is also critical. Blood pressure and heart rate need to be taken in the supine, sitting, immediate standing, and at 2-, 5-, and 10-minute intervals. Ideally, the lower extremities should be watched for the development of a mottled bluish discoloration (acral cyanosis) that suggests peripheral venous pooling. Because the results obtained during standing are quite variable, we usually perform tilt table testing on most patients, as this setting is more controlled with fewer variables and with more reproducible results (in our experience better than that seen with neurocardiogenic syncope). Other tests of autonomic nervous system function may be useful in select POTS patients as a way of measuring the degree of systemic autonomic involvement. Sudomotor function can be determined by thermoregulatory sweat testing or by assessment of skin conductance, skin resistance, or sympathetic skin potentials. Serum catecholamine levels, both in the supine and upright positions, should be obtained in patients suspected of having the hyperadrenergic form of POTS. Bowel motility studies are useful in ascertaining the degree of gastrointestinal involvement present. More detailed descriptions of autonomic testing can be found elsewhere.[1] Treatment is based upon subtype but must be individualized to the needs of each patient. Any drug the patient is taking that could contribute to the condition should be stopped if possible ( Table 2 ). Any underlying condition that may be causing POTS should be identified and treated (i.e., sarcoidosis). All patients should be encouraged to begin a program of reconditioning working toward a goal of performing at least 20?30 minutes of aerobic activity three times a week. In addition, we encourage resistance training of the lower extremities to augment the effectiveness of the skeletal muscle pumps. Fluid intake of 2 L a day of water and 3?5 grams of salt per day are encouraged in all but the patients with the hyperadrenergic form of POTS. Compression hose can be helpful but must provide 30 mmHg pressure and be waist high to be effective. Pharmacotherapy is initiated with the goal of getting patients well enough to pursue reconditioning. No drug is currently approved by the US FDA for the treatment of POTS; therefore, any use of pharmacotherapy is done "off label." Knowing the subtype is important in choosing appropriate pharmacotherapy ( Table 3 ). In the partial dysautonomic POTS, patient therapy is directed at augmenting fluid volume and increasing vascular resistance. We often begin with fludrocortisone, a mineral corticoid that promotes sodium and fluid retention, and also sensitizes peripheral alpha adrenergic receptors. The drug appears to be most helpful in younger patients. Usually, 0.1?0.2 mg daily is employed (never exceed 0.4 mg orally each day as adrenal suppression may occur). Next, we add a vasoconstrictor such as midodrine, starting at 5 mg orally three times a day. Dosages can be titrated up to 15?20 mg orally four times a day, if necessary. Since patients are most symptomatic early in the morning, we often advise patients to take their midodrine dose approximately 15 minutes prior to getting out of bed. We also advise patients that they can take an extra 5 mg dose as needed if severe breakthrough symptoms occur. The most common problems encountered with midodrine are nausea, "goose bumps," and scalp itching. If midodrine is not tolerated methylphenidate can be an effective alternative, especially because it comes in several long-acting preparations. Some investigators have also advocated the use of yohimbine. If patients continue to be symptomatic, we add either a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. While the SSRIs are very useful in the prevention of neurocardiogenic syncope, the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are somewhat more helpful in POTS patients. We usually employ bupropion in the XL form starting at 150 mg orally each day and titrating to 300 mg XL daily, if necessary. Of all the currently available SSRIs, we have noted that those with combined serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition (such as venlafaxine and duloxetine) are often the most effective. Tolerance for these agents is usually good (approximately 80%) with the most common side effects being gastrointestinal upset, tremor, and sleep disturbance. Less common side effects include agitation and sexual dysfunction. We will on occasion combine an SSRI with bupropion to achieve the same type of combination effect. A very promising new therapy is pyridostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that facilitates neural transmission at the ganglionic level of both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. The drug is particularly useful in postviral POTS patients as well as patients with POTS secondary to a primary autoimmune disorder (such as Sjogren's syndrome or Lupus). The starting dose is 30 mg orally twice a day, titrating to 60 mg orally twice daily, if necessary. In severely affected patients, where other forms of therapy have either been poorly tolerated or ineffectual, we employ the drug erythropoietin. Originally developed for the treatment of anemia, it is also a potent vasoconstrictor that is quite useful in the treatment of orthostatic disorders. Due to the fact that erythropoietin (EPO) has to be administered by subcutaneous injection and because of its considerable expense, we normally reserve its use to patients who have proven refractory to or intolerant of other forms of therapy. Prior to starting EPO, a complete serum blood count (CBC) as well as a serum iron, total iron binding capacity, and ferritin level should be obtained. EPO can be employed as long as the hematocrit (HCT) is less than 50. The usual starting dose is 10,000 units injected subcutaneously once weekly. It usually takes 4?6 weeks to see the full effect of a particular dose amount. While the red cell augmentation effect and the hemodynamic effect are independent, they tend to rise in parallel. Patients appear to achieve the best hemodynamic effect when the HCT is in the low to mid-40 range. Once EPO therapy is initiated, a CBC should be checked monthly to assure that the HCT does not exceed 50. If the HCT on EPO therapy goes over this amount, we usually have the patient skip doses until it drops below 50, and then restart EPO at a lower dose (in a manner not dissimilar to the way warfarin is managed with respect to the international normalized ratio [iNR]). The most common complaint of patients on EPO therapy is pain at the injection site. This can be minimized by allowing the EPO (which is kept refrigerated) to warm prior to injection. One way to do this is to roll the vial between the hands until it becomes warm. An additional way to minimize injection discomfort is to place an ice cube on the injection site 3?5 minutes before use; alternatively, a lidocaine patch or cream can be applied 15?30 minutes before use. Many patients will require supplemental oral iron for EPO to have its best effect. If no clinical improvement is seen from the starting EPO dose after 4?6 weeks, the weekly dose can be increased to 20,000 units. We have rarely had to exceed this dose in POTS patients. A rare complication of EPO therapy is that the patient can develop a "serum sickness" like reaction to EPO, characterized by fever, chills, nausea, and a general sense of malaise. We have only seen this occur in a handful of patients over the last 12 years; it resolves promptly after the agent is discontinued. Another potential therapy is the somatostatin analog octreotide, which has potent vasoconstrictive effects. It is administered by subcutaneous injection starting at 50 μg subcutaneously 2?3 times a day; dosages may be titrated up to 100?200 μg three times a day. A long-acting injectable form (lasting weeks) has also been developed. While some PD POTS patients may benefit from small doses of beta blockers (i.e., metoprolol 25 mg orally once or twice daily), the majority tend to feel worse on these agents. The hyperadrenergic form of POTS is best treated by agents that block the release of norepinephrine or block its effects. Clonidine is often useful in these patients, starting at 0.1 mg a day and titrating upward. The patch form of the agent is particularly useful as it provides a steady level of the drug for up to a week at a time. Labetalol is often effective, due to its alpha and beta blocking effects. Dosages of 100?400 mg orally twice a day may be employed. Methyldopa is also helpful in select patients. Both the SSRIs and the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors have been helpful in controlling patients' symptoms. It is important to differentiate between patients with POTS and those suffering from inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST). There are similarities between the hyperadrenergic form of POTS and IST. Clinical presentations are similar and IST appears to be more common in women. Both conditions display an exaggerated response to isoproterenol infusion and some investigators have suggested that they may represent different aspects of the same disease process. POTS patients, however, display a greater degree of postural change in heart rate and the supine (resting) heart rate rarely exceeds 100 beats/minute (as opposed to IST where the resting heart rate is often more than 100 beats/minute). In addition, IST patients tend not to display the same degree of postural change in serum norepinephrine levels as those seen in hyperadrenergic POTS patients. The differentiation between POTS and IST is important as radiofrequency catheter ablation of the sinus node can make PD POTS patients markedly worse, and rarely seems to benefit patients with hyperadrenergic POTS. In the secondary forms of POTS, therapy is first directed at correcting the underlying disorder to as great an extent possible. Patients with diabetes mellitus or JHS-related POTS are treated as peripheral dysautonomic POTS. Patients with POTS secondary to sarcoidosis or amyloidosis may also benefit from steroid therapy. Paraneoplastic POTS patients often respond well to pyridostigmine, and symptoms often resolve with treatment of the malignancy. It should be remembered that patients suffering from POTS may experience an inability to pursue normal employment or educational opportunities and often suffer significant psychosocial disruption. Patients frequently require the services of psychologists, social workers, and lawyers to address these aspects of their illness. The attitude of the treating physician is crucial. Hope is a powerful medicine that should be encouraged by all. Prognosis There is only limited data available at present on the prognosis of POTS patients. We are still in the process of following patients and analyzing their outcomes. Nonetheless some general trends have been noted. In patients suffering from postviral onset POTS, roughly one-half will make a good practical recovery over a 2?5 year period. Here, we define recovery as the relative absence of orthostatic symptoms with the ability to perform the normal activities of daily living with little or no restriction. However there are some patients that will not enjoy this degree of recovery and occasionally patients experience a progressive decline in functional status over time. In general, the younger the patient the better the prognosis. In adolescents with the "developmental" form of POTS, approximately 75% will experience a significant recovery by the time they are in their early to mid-twenties. The vast majority of patients (~90%) will respond to a combination of physical therapy and pharmacotherapy. Patients with the hyperadrenergic form of POTS usually require treatment indefinitely. The prognosis of patients with the secondary POTS syndromes is usually determined by the prognosis of the underlying causative disorder. Summary The postural tachycardia syndrome is a heterogenous group of disorders that disturb normal autonomic control. Successful treatment is often dependent on identifying the subtype and pursuing a comprehensive treatment program. CLICK HERE for subscription information about this journal. Table 1. The Grading of Orthostatic Intolerance* Grade 0 Normal orthostatic tolerance Grade I Orthostatic symptoms are infrequent or occur only under conditions of increased orthostatic stress Subject is able to stand >15 minutes on most occasions Subject typically has unrestricted activities of daily living Grade II Orthostatic symptoms are frequent, developing at least once a week Orthostatic symptoms commonly develop with orthostatic stress Subject is able to stand >5 minutes on most occasions Some limitation in activities of daily living is typical Grade III Orthostatic symptoms develop on most occasions and are regularly unmasked by orthostatic stresses Subject is able to stand for >1 minute on most occasions Patient is seriously incapacitated, being bed- or wheelchair-bound because of orthostatic intolerance Syncope/presyncope is common if patient attempts to stand *Symptoms may vary with time and state of hydration and circumstances. Orthostatic stresses include prolonged standing, a meal, exertion, and head stress. Table 2. Pharmacologic Agents That May Cause or Worsen Orthostatic Intolerance Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Alpha receptor blockers Calcium channel blockers Beta blockers Phenothiazines Tricyclic antidepressants Bromocriptine Ethanol Opiates Diuretics Hydralazine Ganglionic-blocking agents Nitrates Sildenafil citrate MAO inhibitors MAO, monoamine oxidase. Table 3. Therapeutic Options in POTS Treatment Application Form Effective in Problems Reconditioning Aerobic exercise 20 min 3 times/week PD, H If too vigorously done may worsen symptoms Hydration 2 liters po/day PD Edema Salt 2-4 grams/day PD Edema Fludrocortisone 0.1-0.2 mg po q day PD Hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, edema Midodrine 5-10 mg po tid PD Nausea, scalp itching, supine hypertension Methylphenidate 5-10 mg po tid PD Anorexia, insomnia, dependency Bupropion 150-300 mg XL/q day PD, H Tremor, agitation, insomnia SSRI-Escitaloprim 10 mg po/day PD, H Tremor, agitation, sexual problems Pyridostigmine 30-60 mg po bid PD Nausea, diarrhea Erythropoietin 10,000-20,000 i.v. sq q week PD Pain at injection site, expensive Octreotide 50-200 micrograms sq tid PD Nausea, diarrhea, gallstones Clonidine 0.1-0.3 mg po bid 0.1-0.3 mg patch q week H Dry mouth, blurred vision Labetalol 100-200 mg po bid H Fatigue PD = partial dysautonomic; H = hyperadrenergic; POTS = postural tachycardia syndrome. References 1. Grubb BP, Kosinski D, Boehm K, Kip K: The postural tachycardia syndrome: A neurocardiogenic variant identified during head up tilt table testing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1997;20: 2205-2212. 2. Karas B, Grubb BP, Boehm K, Kip K: The postural tachycardia syndrome: A potentially treatable cause of chronic fatigue, exercise intolerance, and cognitive impairment. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000;23: 344-351. 3. Kanjwal Y, Kosinski D, Grubb BP: The postural tachycardia syndrome: Definition, diagnosis and management. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2003;26: 1747-1757. 4. Kanjwal Y, Kosinski D, Grubb BP: Treatment of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Curr Cardiol Rep 2003;5: 402-406. 5. Grubb BP, Rowe P, Calkins H: Postural tachycardia, orthostatic intolerance and the chronic fatigue syndrome. In: Grubb BP, Olshansky B, eds. Syncope: Mechanisms and Management, Second Edition. Malden, MA: Blackwell/Futura Press, 2005, pp. 225-244. Reprint Address Blair P. Grubb, M.D., Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Ohio, 3000 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614. Fax: 419-383-3041; E-mail: bgrubb@mco.edu Blair P. Grubb, M.D., Yousuf Kanjwal, M.D., Daniel J. Kosinski, M.D., Electrophysiology Section, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Medical University of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio, USA ________________________________________

Kristen thx for letting me know you sent it to that account, I don't check it too often. I'm printing the article right now and am anxious to read it. steph

I've been trying to figure out which one of my medications has put on the pounds for me. I was quite happy with my weight a few years ago and disgusted by it now but weight gain happened before the Betaxolol switch. Betaxolol has been great for me so far. I've been on it for a couple of years now and it gets my heart rate down nicely without a lot of side effects. I couldn't take Inderal.